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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' understanding and 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 ability to draw on relational affordances and learner-internal elements, 프라그마틱 카지노 were important. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to not criticize an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has its disadvantages. For example the DCT is unable to account for the cultural and individual variations in communication. Furthermore it is also the case that the DCT can be biased and may result in overgeneralizations. This is why it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT is a valuable tool to investigate the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to influence social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This ability can be used to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools used for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to examine various aspects that include the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical choice. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners' speech.
Recent research used the DCT as an instrument to test the skills of refusal among EFL students. Participants were given an array of scenarios and were required to choose a suitable response from the choices provided. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing such as a questionnaire or video recordings. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also recommended using other methods for data collection.
DCTs are typically created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, such as the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually refuse requests in actual interactions. This issue requires further studies of different methods to assess the ability to refuse.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when it comes to using Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life experiences and their relationship affordances. These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data were examined to determine the participants' rational choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared to their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choice of pragmatic behavior in a given scenario.
The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This is likely due to their lack experience with the target languages, 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 which led to an insufficient understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis within a period of two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two independent coders and then coded. The code was re-coded repeatedly by the coders, 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behaviors.
Interviews for refusal
The central issue in research on pragmatics is: Why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question by using a variety of experimental tools, such as DCTs MQs, DCTs and RIs. Participants comprised 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or their L2. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were asked to think about their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they were able to create patterns that were similar to natives. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decision to learner-internal factors such as their personality and multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, such as relational advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors led to a more relaxed performance with respect to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
However, the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they could be subject to if they violated the local social norms. They were concerned that their native friends would think they are "foreigners" and believe they are unintelligent. This worry was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. But it would be prudent for future researchers to revisit their applicability in specific situations and in various cultural contexts. This will enable them to better know how different cultures could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research strategy that utilizes in-depth, participant-centered investigations to investigate a specific topic. This method utilizes multiple data sources like interviews, observations, and documents to prove its findings. This kind of investigation can be used to examine unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods of measuring.
In a case study the first step is to define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to identify which aspects of the topic should be studied and which aspects can be left out. It is also useful to read the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case in a wider theoretical context.
This case study was built on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment revealed that L2 Korean students were highly susceptible to native models. They tended to choose wrong answers which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had achieved level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year at university and hoped to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked to respond to questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as understanding and pragmatic awareness.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their counterparts and asked to select one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personality. For instance, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and she therefore refused to ask about her interactant's well-being with a heavy workload despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do so.
CLKs' understanding and 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 ability to draw on relational affordances and learner-internal elements, 프라그마틱 카지노 were important. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to not criticize an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages however, it also has its disadvantages. For example the DCT is unable to account for the cultural and individual variations in communication. Furthermore it is also the case that the DCT can be biased and may result in overgeneralizations. This is why it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or for assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations, the DCT is a valuable tool to investigate the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to influence social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This ability can be used to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, DCT is among the most effective tools used for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to examine various aspects that include the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical choice. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners' speech.
Recent research used the DCT as an instrument to test the skills of refusal among EFL students. Participants were given an array of scenarios and were required to choose a suitable response from the choices provided. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing such as a questionnaire or video recordings. Researchers cautioned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also recommended using other methods for data collection.
DCTs are typically created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, such as the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could incorrectly describe the way in which ELF learners actually refuse requests in actual interactions. This issue requires further studies of different methods to assess the ability to refuse.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when it comes to using Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life experiences and their relationship affordances. These findings have implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data were examined to determine the participants' rational choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared to their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choice of pragmatic behavior in a given scenario.
The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This is likely due to their lack experience with the target languages, 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 which led to an insufficient understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varied by the DCT situations. In Situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one basis within a period of two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two independent coders and then coded. The code was re-coded repeatedly by the coders, 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behaviors.
Interviews for refusal
The central issue in research on pragmatics is: Why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question by using a variety of experimental tools, such as DCTs MQs, DCTs and RIs. Participants comprised 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or their L2. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were asked to think about their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they were able to create patterns that were similar to natives. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decision to learner-internal factors such as their personality and multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, such as relational advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors led to a more relaxed performance with respect to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
However, the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and punishments that they could be subject to if they violated the local social norms. They were concerned that their native friends would think they are "foreigners" and believe they are unintelligent. This worry was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. But it would be prudent for future researchers to revisit their applicability in specific situations and in various cultural contexts. This will enable them to better know how different cultures could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타 for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research strategy that utilizes in-depth, participant-centered investigations to investigate a specific topic. This method utilizes multiple data sources like interviews, observations, and documents to prove its findings. This kind of investigation can be used to examine unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods of measuring.
In a case study the first step is to define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will allow you to identify which aspects of the topic should be studied and which aspects can be left out. It is also useful to read the research to gain a broad understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case in a wider theoretical context.
This case study was built on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment revealed that L2 Korean students were highly susceptible to native models. They tended to choose wrong answers which were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
The participants of this study were L2 Korean students who had achieved level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their second or third year at university and hoped to reach level six by their next attempt. They were asked to respond to questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as understanding and pragmatic awareness.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their counterparts and asked to select one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. The interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personality. For instance, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and she therefore refused to ask about her interactant's well-being with a heavy workload despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do so.
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