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The best starting point is usually to determine the battery size you need. In contrast, a 20 watt solar panel working at half its capacity would need 14,4 hours, which won’t happen. This type of DC-DC converter can be directly connected to a solar panel and power all devices, no matter the voltage they run on. On the other hand, if you use a 12V solar panel without a battery, you need a DC-DC converter input that corresponds to the voltage output of the solar panel (19-20V in full sun). 9 However, when you size a solar installation with a battery, you also have to calculate how much energy you need. Now that you know the size of the battery, you can determine the size of the solar panel. A solar panel may be large enough to power a laptop but not to charge its battery. At a minimum, it has to be large enough to fully charge the battery during clear weather on the shortest day of the year.

In full sun, the battery voltage will quickly surpass 13V. If you connect a power-hungry device to the solar charge controller at night, the battery voltage may drop below 12V. However, in both cases, the battery storage capacity may be the same, for example, 12.4V. Therefore, to know the battery storage capacity, you should check the voltage at night with the electric load turned off. Next, join the plus and the minus of the DC-DC converter output to the plus and the minus of the device. If your direct solar PV system has a DC-DC converter, connect the plus and the minus of the solar panel to the plus and the minus of the DC-DC converter input. Finding the right-sized battery and solar panel can seem tricky at first because to calculate the size of one, you need to know the size of the other, so where do you start? Any device with an adapter - the counterpart of the inverter - can be plugged straight into a low-voltage network by simply replacing or modifying the power cord.

You need to match the power production of the solar panel to the device(s) that you want to charge or power. If you live in an area where clouds are common, you better size the solar panel to fully charge the battery with a moderate cloud cover. A light cloud cover has little effect on power production, while a heavy cloud cover may nearly stop it. Some modules require you to solder the wires to them, while others have screws or plugs. Such modules allow you to adjust the output voltage by turning a tiny screw or pressing a button. However, if one was to sell just some few 1000 of such parts to "makers", the price would be much higher (as all the individual parts become more expensive, as you just buy "few" of them) than the chinese modules available today. However, other appliances - such as all electronics - need a precise and steady input voltage.

Consequently, if you want to run 12V devices directly on a solar panel, you need a DC-DC module that converts the 20V input into a steady 12V output (unless the appliance is happy to work on different voltages). I don't tend to use WiFi on my devices because they need a wired link for server workloads, so we'll be assuming Ethernet here. Otherwise, use a multimeter to adjust the voltage output. There are also DC-DC converters with a variable input voltage but a fixed output voltage. Other DC-DC converters need a precise voltage input, so they can only be connected to a stable voltage source, for example, a 12V battery. For example, for Barcelona in Spain (41 degrees latitude), the optimum tilt of solar panels varies from 26 degrees (from vertical) in December to 72 degrees in June. The most energy and cost-efficient option is to install more or larger solar panels and keep the battery storage capacity unchanged because solar panels are much cheaper and less energy-intensive than batteries. That is much easier for a direct-drive solar system than a solar system with battery storage. That is especially useful when direct-drive solar power runs an appliance that demands your attention, such as a power tool.

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