• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

The Academy's Evolution Site

The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.

This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a wide range of educational resources on evolution. It has important video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It also has many practical uses, 에볼루션 슬롯게임 (metooo.Es) like providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changing environmental conditions.

The first attempts to depict the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods depend on the collection of various parts of organisms or DNA fragments, have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. However, these trees are largely composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.

By avoiding the need for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise way. We can create trees using molecular methods, such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene.

Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including many archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.

This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, 에볼루션 슬롯게임 helping to determine if certain habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, including finding new drugs, battling diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas most likely to have cryptic species, which may perform important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to changes caused by humans. Although funds to safeguard biodiversity are vital however, the most effective method to preserve the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be empowered with the necessary knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between organisms. Scientists can construct an phylogenetic chart which shows the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits and have evolved from an ancestor with common traits. These shared traits can be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the same origins. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping known as a the clade. For instance, all of the organisms in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor that had eggs. A phylogenetic tree is constructed by connecting the clades to identify the organisms that are most closely related to one another.

For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can use Molecular Data to determine the age of evolution of organisms and determine how many organisms have a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a variety of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than to the other and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, this problem can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics which combine homologous and analogous features into the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information can aid conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from disappearance. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms develop different features over time based on their interactions with their surroundings. Many scientists have developed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism could evolve according to its own needs as well as the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or absence of traits can cause changes that are passed on to the next generation.

In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance--came together to form the current evolutionary theory synthesis, which defines how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population and how those variations change in time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically described.

Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that variations can be introduced into a species through mutation, genetic drift and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, and also through the movement of populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time and also by changes in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in an individual).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education can improve students' understanding of phylogeny and evolution. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan et al., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their understanding of evolution during the course of a college biology. For more details on how to teach evolution, see The Evolutionary Potency in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and 에볼루션 슬롯게임 are able to evade new medications and animals change their behavior in response to the changing climate. The changes that occur are often visible.

It wasn't until the late 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was also in action. The reason is that different traits confer different rates of survival and 에볼루션 바카라 무료 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 체험 (1Moli.Top) reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed from one generation to the next.

In the past, if one particular allele, the genetic sequence that defines color in a population of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more common than the other alleles. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths in a particular population could rise. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

The ability to observe evolutionary change is much easier when a species has a rapid generation turnover such as bacteria. Since 1988 the biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain. samples of each population are taken every day, and over fifty thousand generations have been observed.

Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate of change and the rate at which a population reproduces. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, a fact that many are unable to accept.

Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas in which insecticides are utilized. This is because the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing appreciation of its importance, especially in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make better decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the lives of its inhabitants.