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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes of organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

Numerous examples have been offered of this, 에볼루션게이밍 including various varieties of stickleback fish that can live in either fresh or salt water and 에볼루션 슬롯게임 walking stick insect varieties that favor particular host plants. These mostly reversible trait permutations however, are not able to explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for decades. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This happens when those who are better adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic traits to his or her offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of generating viable, fertile offspring. This can be accomplished via sexual or asexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene then the dominant allele will become more prevalent in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or decreases the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforced, which means that an organism that has a beneficial trait is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism produces, the greater its fitness that is determined by its capacity to reproduce itself and survive. People with desirable traits, such as having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, so they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not on individual organisms. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits through use or disuse. For instance, if a Giraffe's neck grows longer due to reaching out to catch prey and its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The length difference between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck gets too long to no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of a gene are randomly distributed within a population. In the end, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not more be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles diminish in frequency. This can lead to dominance in the extreme. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to zero. In a small group it could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. This is known as the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolutionary process that occurs whenever an enormous number of individuals move to form a population.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an outbreak or mass hunting event are concentrated in an area of a limited size. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct population that remains is prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other continues to reproduce.

This type of drift can play a very important part in the evolution of an organism. However, it is not the only way to progress. Natural selection is the most common alternative, in which mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity of a population.

Stephens claims that there is a vast difference between treating drift like an actual cause or force, and considering other causes, such as migration and selection mutation as causes and forces. He claims that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us separate it from other forces, and this differentiation is crucial. He argues further that drift is both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

In high school, students take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is commonly known as "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms via the inheritance of characteristics which result from the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with the image of a giraffe extending its neck further to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This causes giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he presented a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but the general consensus is that he was the one giving the subject his first comprehensive and thorough treatment.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism became a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and 에볼루션 게이밍 that the two theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited and instead, it argues that organisms develop through the selective action of environmental factors, like natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the idea that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this notion was never a major part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is largely due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been more than 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of genomics, there is an increasing body of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired traits. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a fight for survival. This is a false assumption and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This may include not just other organisms, but also the physical environment.

Understanding adaptation is important to understand evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physical structure such as feathers or fur. It could also be a trait of behavior such as moving towards shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to obtain energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring, 에볼루션 게이밍 and be able to find enough food and resources. The organism must also be able reproduce at the rate that is suitable for its particular niche.

These factors, 에볼루션 게이밍 together with gene flow and mutations can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within the population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits, and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, 에볼루션게이밍 fur or feathers for insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical characteristics like thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. Behavioral adaptations are not, such as the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade in hot weather. Furthermore, it is important to note that lack of planning is not a reason to make something an adaptation. In fact, failure to think about the consequences of a choice can render it ineffective, 에볼루션 바카라 체험게이밍 (Discover More) despite the fact that it may appear to be sensible or even necessary.