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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

Many examples have been given of this, including different varieties of stickleback fish that can live in salt or 에볼루션 블랙잭 fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is Darwin's natural selection process, 에볼루션사이트 a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more effectively than those who are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity within an animal species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person’s genetic characteristics, which includes both dominant and recessive genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the production of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all these elements are in harmony. For instance the case where the dominant allele of the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive one, 무료에볼루션 the dominant allele will be more prevalent in the population. But if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce more quickly than those with a maladaptive feature. The higher the level of fitness an organism has, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, 에볼루션사이트 is the more offspring it can produce. Individuals with favorable characteristics, such as a long neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which states that animals acquire traits through use or neglect. For example, if a giraffe's neck gets longer through stretching to reach for prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when the alleles of a gene are randomly distributed in a population. Eventually, one of them will attain fixation (become so common that it is unable to be eliminated through natural selection), while the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. This could lead to an allele that is dominant in the extreme. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has decreased to zero. In a small group this could result in the complete elimination of the recessive allele. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever an enormous number of individuals move to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck could happen when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a massive hunt, are confined in a limited area. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by war, earthquakes or 에볼루션 블랙잭 even a plague. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct group that remains is susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens and 에볼루션 코리아 Ariew use Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from the expected values for differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift could play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. However, 에볼루션사이트 it is not the only way to evolve. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity in the population.

Stephens asserts that there is a significant difference between treating drift as a force or a cause and treating other causes of evolution such as selection, mutation and 무료에볼루션 migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from these other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has both a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms through taking on traits that are a product of an organism's use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with an image of a giraffe extending its neck longer to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This would cause the necks of giraffes that are longer to be passed on to their offspring who would grow taller.

Lamarck the French Zoologist, introduced a revolutionary concept in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged previous thinking on organic transformation. According to him living things had evolved from inanimate matter through an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis.

The most popular story is that Lamarckism became an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and both theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists now call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits are passed down from generation to generation and instead, it claims that organisms evolve through the selective action of environment elements, like Natural Selection.

Although Lamarck endorsed the idea of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea however, it was not an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never tested scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is sometimes referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more frequently epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for existence is better described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This could include not just other organisms, but also the physical environment.

Understanding how adaptation works is essential to comprehend evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living thing to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical feature, such as feathers or fur. It could also be a behavior trait such as moving to the shade during hot weather, or escaping the cold at night.

The capacity of an organism to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring and be able find enough food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself in a way that is optimally within its environmental niche.

These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations can cause changes in the proportion of different alleles within the gene pool of a population. The change in frequency of alleles could lead to the development of new traits and eventually new species over time.

Many of the characteristics we find appealing in animals and plants are adaptations. For example the lungs or gills which extract oxygen from air feathers and fur as insulation, long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical characteristics. Behavior adaptations aren't, such as the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or move into the shade in hot weather. It is important to remember that a insufficient planning does not make an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the implications of a decision can render it unadaptable despite the fact that it might appear logical or even necessary.